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Application documents - magnetic resonance (NMR)

Study the characteristics of waste tires pyrolysis oil

Introduction to the

Looking for alternative to oil derived fuel, more and more researchers begin to explore from the wastes such as waste plastics and tires in the development of new methods of fuel.Potential sources of waste tires is a promising, because of its large number, and contains natural forms of renewable rubber components1.

Waste tires through thermal cracking produces a known as tire pyrolysis oil liquid (TPO), and other compounds.Because of high energy density and composition of natural rubber, and conform to the world to promote renewable energy use specification (for example, Europe to promote renewable energy use directive 2009/28 / EC), as a result, the tire pyrolysis oil is expected to become one of the ingredients of alternative fuels.However, due to we are lack of basic fuel characteristics and combustion characteristics of tire pyrolysis oil, causing them to development process as a fuel.

Structure and properties of the tire pyrolysis oil

Tire pyrolysis oil (TPO) is composed of carbon number from 5 to 50 a number of complex mixture of hydrocarbons.In addition, TPO containing sulfur and nitrogen, and a small amount of oxygen.TPO some of the main compounds including light aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene), aliphatic compounds (dodecane and tridecane) and single terpene (limonene)2.

TPO of physics, chemistry and combustion characteristic can be measured in the experiment, but these features are influenced by a series of known factors, for example, the composition of the tire and the conditions in the process of thermal cracking.One of the factors to affect combustion of TPO is the molecular weight distribution and functional groups3.Some functional groups and structural characteristics (e.g., branched chain of saturation and location) can promote combustion reaction.Because of this, to identify and quantify functional groups can help researchers to predict the characteristics of TPO and combustion characteristics, so as to promote the development of potential alternative fuels.

TPO as fuel, for example, one of the main drawback is that it contains a variety of sulfur-containing compounds.When using different desulfurization process, the sulfur compounds, different reaction will happen.By understanding the molecular characteristics of sulfur-containing compounds, help researchers to design the most appropriate steps for desulphurization, and understand that in the process of combustion emissions and its effect on the environment and human health.

Using FT - ICR MS and NMR analysis structure characteristic of TPO

However, the complexity of TPO in its structure characteristics is difficult to determine.In this study, from Colombia and Saudi Arabia's team of two kinds of TPO samples were analyzed.One of the samples is TPO sulfur, and the other one is contained in the process of the pyrolysis of adding calcium oxide TPO (TPO [CaO]), in order to compare and contrast the structure characteristics of the two4.

Researchers use the brooke 9.4 T SolariX Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT - ICR - MS) system (configuration APPI ion source).The mass spectrometer can be identified at the molecular level ion, also can detect a single electronic level is very low quality differences5.The two sample dilution in pure toluene, and injected directly into the APPI ion source.Then, using mass range in 154-1200 m/z is APPI ionization mode, get two samples of FT - ICR mass spectrum.

The team also used 1 h and 13 c nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer to determine the TPO in the quality of the atoms of hydrogen and carbon atoms.Through the information and FT - ICR MS combination of the data analysis, the researchers to estimate the overall molecular structure of these complex mixtures.

APPI FT - ICR MS analysis showed that the TPO and TPO (CaO), the main molecular categories for pure hydrocarbons and containing a sulfur atom hydrocarbons (S1).Pure hydrocarbons in TPO/CaO content (78.6%) than in the TPO content (74.9%), and S1 in the TPO content (14.3%) than in TPO/CaO content (13.9%).S1 compounds showed that the content of the core skeleton structure of these molecules could be thiophene or mercaptan.According to the determination of TPO only exist in the two sulfur atoms molecules (S2, 0.43%).FT - ICR MS determination results showed that two kinds of samples there are a lot of condensed aromatic structure.

According to the results of the mri of hydrogen spectrum in the two samples, are about 80% of the hydrogen atoms in methylene, methyl, cycloparaffin and aromatic.C NMR results shows that the TPO and TPO (CaO), paraffin base (including methylene and methyl) carbon atoms, and aryl carbon in the season, more than half of the carbon atoms together.

In short, the determination results for our understanding of TPO component provides a new clue and structural characteristics, which can help improve understanding of TPO combustion characteristics in scientific research personnel, and prove the TPO potential as a fuel, and possibly upgrade path.

Research team concluded that the two samples can be used as a fuel, without having to make a big adjustment., they argue, by distilling the TPO separated into different fractions, strengthens its potential in the specific application.In addition, distillation can be used to high molecular weight sulfur compounds condensed into the rest of the heavy fraction, thus improving the characteristics of other fractions.In addition, the researchers believe that compared with other methods, such as hydrogenation desulfurization, oxidative desulfurization is probably the best way to TPO desulfurization, because it is more suitable for aromatic sulfide.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a real-time study molecular properties of the most important key technologies.Brooke's combination of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer is helping researchers around the world to carry out the position of branched polymers, crosslinking and functional end group research.They can through these analysis and get the necessary insight, to explore how to convert waste into valuable products (for example, TPO).Brooke, moreover, the uniqueness of the solution is that it not only focus on providing comprehensive research instruments.Minispec time domain (TD), for example, nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer users click on the button, can provide for a variety of fuel hydrogen content analysis.The key performance indicators (kpis) determines the combustion characteristic of the fuel, which directly affect the exhaust curve.

References:

  1. Martinez, j. et al (2013). Waste tyre pyrolysis - A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy for rev. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032113001408?Via % 3 dihub
  2. Alvarez, j. t al (2017). Evaluation of the properties of tyre pyrolysis oils obtained in a conical spouted bed reactor. The Energy. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360544217305625
  3. Jameel, a. et al. (2018). A minimalist functional group (MFG) approach for surrogate arg, formulation, Combust. Flame. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323960892_A_minimalist_functional_group_MFG_approach_for_surrogate_fuel_formulation
  4. Campuzano, f. et al (2020). Arg, and Chemical Properties of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oil Derived from a Continuous Twin - Auger Reactor. The Energy Fuels. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02271
  5. Xian, f. et al (2012). High resolution mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22263633/